Organization Development for Sustaining Competitive Advantage

Question: Examine about theOrganization Development for Sustaining Competitive Advantage. Answer: Exercises gained from the investigation of the Coca-Cola Company is various. The best exercise is the capacity of business to face the challenge. The business condition is brimming with dangers and achievement relies upon the systems that the administration uses to stay away from misfortunes. Organizations must face challenges to be effective, and they may incorporate an endeavor into new markets and nations simply like Coca-Cola Company. Difficulties to business are inescapable, however organizations must figure solutions for maintain a strategic distance from misfortune making. The choice or step taken after an issue characterizes the achievement or disappointment of the firm. Dynamic in organizations must be done through the inclusion of the considerable number of investors to empower reception of the best choices. All the investors in an organization are similarly significant and contribute the accomplishment of a firm. Along these lines, the administration must place into though t the government assistance of all specialists for the accomplishment of the organizations (Baron, and Spulber, 2017). Presentation Partners engaged with business with the point of making benefits. The advantages are acknowledged through high deals which expands the net revenue of the firm. Consequently, through this, the business is guaranteed the proceeded with presence in the market regardless of the extreme rivalry. Chiefs are the individuals who regulate the execution of exchange obligations for the benefit of proprietors. They should counsel them when settling on business choices to get guidance and guarantee they settle on a choice which fits in with their objectives and goals (Cavusgil, et al., 2014). It is unlawful for administrators to settle on choices without discussion, they ought to likewise act in the most extreme great confidence of the proprietors. Business visionaries' internationally have expanded, and these have prompted expanding rivalry among organizations. Be that as it may, rivalry is unavoidable for organizations. In this way, the executives must search for systems to guarantee they stay serious in the market. Having a serious edge over rivals in the market isn't simple however ensures the endurance of the business in the market subsequently fundamental (Barney, 2014). Techniques that can be utilized by firms to be serious remember inclusion for remote direct venture. These are the capacity of an organization to sell merchandise and ventures in remote nations in the point of pulling in increasingly possible purchasers to its items. The firm can likewise utilize the blue Ocean' technique which is the capacity to discover blue sea regions which have no opposition. Their regions have no different providers of products and ventures, and accordingly firm has sole presence available. Through these, it draws in the entire populace to devour or purchase its items and administrations. Expansion of organizations items can likewise be a method of pulling in more clients. Through this demonstration, the organization can make items that address the issues of the clients. These procedures are planned for expanding the overall revenue of the organizations thus making them serious in the market (Cheptegei, and Yabs, 2016, pp.71-85). Association improvement is utilized by a firm to guarantee that it is fruitful in the market. The organization conveys group advancement to check the issues it faces and attempt to search for approaches to direct business and increment its deals. Development and advancement of business need thought of numerous elements in the market. Supervisors administer association improvement of firms to guarantee accomplishment of its objectives and goals. Issues emerging in business must be handled right on time to stay away from wastage of assets which can prompt disappointment of the firm. Association improvement targets improving the presentation of the endeavor by utilization of exercises and proactive procedures by the supervisors. Hence, this report will concentrate on Coca-Cola Company and look at how it has conveyed association advancement and its benefits to the firm (Falkheimer, 2014, pp.124-133). Philosophy Association improvement of a business includes different advances that must be seen to guarantee it satisfies its objectives to the organization. These measures remember association of the considerable number of individuals for the association during the dynamic procedure. The supervisors must counsel all the investors before settling on choices to guarantee all acknowledge them. Likewise wiping out progressive dynamic can give administrators more data which might be valuable in the dynamic procedure. The association is made of various gatherings which are alluded to offices and along these lines supervisors must focus on groups to have the option to know the progressions the division need to perform better. Trust is essential to all the investors in the business. These will make all gatherings perform well consequently the accomplishment of the association (Mabogunje, 2015). The divisions in the association have an obligation of working in coordinated effort and not in rivalry. These will guarantee that all the staff progresses in the direction of the general goal of the firm. Subsequently, chiefs must assistance decrease these pointless rivalry divisions. Representatives are the individuals who are engaged with the execution of the exercises in the organization. The board must put resources into them to guarantee better selection of association advancement prompting its prosperity. Putting resources into laborers includes coaching, preparing through instruction openings, better compensation and arrangement of the essential apparatuses they need. The firm should likewise remember the worker's circuitous cooperation for the association advancement to make it effective. At long last, the firm should have control measures and key mediations to adjust to the progressions that are relied upon to the group for better execution. Coca-Cola Company has done research and utilized practically all the above strides to guarantee authoritative advancement in the firm therefore expanding its business volume. The organization has made changes in the work, speculation strategies, and changes underway among numerous different regions (Burke, and Noumair, 2015). Discoveries Coca-Cola is a global company having branches in various nations. It is the biggest refreshment organization offering more than 500 brands in excess of 200 nations comprehensively. The organization most prominent contender is PepsiCo which offer same items which are bundled and marked in an unexpected way. Because of the high rivalry, the organization has conveyed a few changes to empower it to remain the market head in the market. The organization has occupied with increasingly remote ventures, separation of its items, an expansive choice of workers, and so forth outside direct speculation of Coca-Cola Company has prompted expanding in the market of the association's items, these have likewise empowered the firm get blue seas' hence expanding its overall revenue (Kim, and Mauborgne, 2014). These progressions by the organization have been embraced by escalated examination to guarantee that the firm doesn't bring about misfortunes when it participates in the new changes. The variables which have prompted the accomplishment of these progressions are the eagerness of the considerable number of investors to start the changes. The administration of the organization has prevailing with regards to joining all the workers and division towards a shared objective creation achievement unavoidable. Choice of representatives from the worldwide pool has empowered the firm to have the option to get the most talented for better execution of its obligations. Coca-Cola likewise provides food for all the requirements of its clients by making items that fulfill their necessities completely. The organization has been engaged with advancements which help to draw in more clients to buy its items. A portion of the organization's items are Dasani water, Coca-Cola drink, Fanta, Sprite, Smart Water, coke-zero. Among the items, the organization has begun creating items which have less sugar to provide food for the wellbeing states of individuals who don't utilize sweet shopper products (Kim, and Mauborgne, 2017). End The organization achievement in the progressions it has made to improve its presentation all around has been because of the administration styles of the directors. It has made all the progressions through examination thus decreasing missteps which could have diminished the company's benefits. Difficulties of the business incorporate rivalry. The drink business has numerous contenders consequently making Coca-Cola Company face huge rivalry. Government strategies in the outside countries represent an incredible test to the firm. Horrible arrangements, for example, high tax collection; shares lead to disappointment of the outside part of the venture. Serious exploration has empowered early recognizable proof of difficulties in beginning periods henceforth making the administration search for approaches to moderate them. Proposals Business achievement is characterized by the methodologies that the administration and other investor use to have a serious edge over their rivals in the market. Partners must utilize imaginative and inventive chiefs who can push the organizations to higher statures. Nonetheless, if a firm commits errors prompting misfortune, it should discover approaches to recuperate. Coca-Cola organization is a market chief, however the opposition is high therefore directors must do research and utilize the most recent innovation to guarantee they stay alluring to an enormous client base. The organization has had noteworthy extension throughout the years, and the administration must be cautious and guarantee the branches make benefits and not misfortunes (Baldwin, and Scott, 2013). References Baldwin, W. what's more, Scott, J., 2013.Market structure and mechanical change(Vol. 18). Taylor Francis. Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and supporting upper hand. Pearson Higher Ed. Aristocrat, J. also, Spulber, D.F., 2017. The Effect of Technological Change on Firm Survival and Growth-Evidence from Technology Standards. Burke, W.W. what's more, Noumair, D.A., 2015.Organization turn of events: A procedure of learning and evolving. FT Press. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. what's more, Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Cheptegei, D.K. what's more, Yabs, J., 2016. Remote MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES USED BY MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN KENYA: A CASE OF COCA COLA KENYA LTD.European Journal of

Active Involvement Free Essays

Dynamic inclusion is being included and with on camps occasions like clubs sports groups and show creations like acting in a play singing or playing an instrument. I have been associated with every one of these fields. For instance I worked with the show creation class setting up the play â€Å"I abhor hamlet† that went on this semester. We will compose a custom paper test on Dynamic Involvement or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now I was responsible for the light and sound signals that were in the play. I truly making the most of my time chipping away at this play. I took in a great deal from the various individuals that were working with us. Actor’s behind the stage chiefs and the props individuals. Cooperating to put a play was a difficult activity; we needed to function as a group helping each other with various tasks. We confronted a great deal of contentions, which was extremely typical for a dramatization class to experience the ill effects of however at long last we set up the play and everyone delighted in it. I am likewise on the volleyball crew of auk. I am learning a great deal. It is an absolute necessity to fill in as entire not as single people when you’re in a group. Openness is absolutely vital. Without correspondence we would have tumult in our group, and we wouldn’t have the option to play appropriately. This affected my school understanding by showing me significant characteristics that I will utilize further down the road. For instance, thinking before speaking, Communication, regard and tolerance. I got into a battle with my dramatization teacher since I used to have an exceptionally awful method of speaking with my friends. I am a vey low tempered individual, and that made me have issues with the group I was working with. Yet, with time I discovered that not all things have to work my direction regardless of whether it was the correct way, yet I should tune in to others perspectives and sentiments and make them into thought before taking move on my own considerations. This experience will help me a great deal later on by making me a superior individual with managing matters that include dispute taking and sorting out occasions. I am exceptionally appreciative to this open door that demonstrated me a superior quality in me that I’m despite everything taking a shot at, improving it ordinary. I prescribe freshman’s to engage in sports and dramatization classes on the grounds that to me achievement can be estimated by how well a people social insight is, an individual that realizes how to manage certain circumstances and tackles the contention without making a major sweep is a fruitful individual and will see the person in question self later on as a pioneer. Sports will get you associated with a solid way of life and gets you drew in with various individuals with various foundations and lets you make contacts around the collection grounds. Instructions to refer to Active Involvement, Papers

Here Comes the Sun @ MIT

Here Comes the Sun @ MIT On sunny days, I like to wander through MITs gorgeous campus. Below are some images Ive collected over the course of the month. Enjoy! :) Messages in the Sky over Kresge Auditorium: The Light between Building 18 and the Infinite Corridor: MITs Main Entrance: Lobby 7 aka 77 Massachusetts Avenue A Glimpse into Boston from the Harvard Bridge: Surely, the open space signifies an abundance of opportunities. The Charles River: My newest source of vitality and inspiration Seen from the MIT Sailing Pavilion: Jewels of the Setting Sun: MIT Media Lab: Ray and Maria Stata Center: Home of the most comfortable lecture hall chairs E62: The Heart of MIT Sloan: Fun Fact: the exterior of the building is lined by 155-million-year-old German limestone. It can appear different colors, depending on the light (from mitsloan.mit.edu). E62 is also the  most energy-efficient building on campus. A Breeze Attracts MIT Sailing Enthusiasts: Fact: MIT Sailing Pavilion is the oldest university sailing facility in the country. Membership is free for all MIT students who have taken an appropriate class. The Amusing Roof of the Green Building: Featuring a white spherical radome enclosing a long-distance weather radar apparatus Hoping for many more sunny days, Yours, Yuliya PS: What are your favorite places on campus? Photographic answers are always welcome!

Britain and Its Level of Democracy Essay - 608 Words

Britain and Its Level of Democracy Democracy is a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. We say that Britain is a democracy; every four years we elect politicians to represent our views and opinions. But given that the majority of politicians are white, middle age, middle class men how can we say that they are truly representative of the entire population. Is Britain a true democracy when only 59% of the people vote? The other 40% of the populations voice is not being heard at all. Although all have to right to vote many feel that it is pointless because the parties they want to vote for will never get in power. Their†¦show more content†¦For example in 2001 43% of people voted for labour and yet they had 63% of the seats. Lord Hailsham once referred to this system as an elective dictatorship in that a powerful government can be created with overwhelming Parliamentary power which can usually push through its required legislation - but with only a minority of the country supporting it. When we vote in MPs and the prime minister we do this usually because of their proposed policies. In an ideal world they would be forced to keep them but they often dont. There are many examples of this from labours previous manifestos. In both 1997 and 2001 the labour party said it was not going to raise taxes, but after being voted in they introduced new types of taxes, stealth taxes. Also in both manifestos they have promised to ban fox hunting. Although there has been much discussion on this topic no ban has yet been but in place after 7 years in office. There are people in Britain who have a large amount of power over the population as a whole, being able to make decisions that affect everyone who are not elected into their position. Examples of these are judges, they can make decisions on the law and sentences of prisoners, the House of Lords, who can stall and even block new laws,Show MoreRelatedWays in Which Britain is Democratic Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesWays in Which Britain is Democratic The electorate in the United Kingdom have privileges regarding involvement in their democratic system unlike many other citizens of the World. In 1867 working class men were first given the right to vote, followed by the vote for women in 1918, a consequence of the suffragettes movements. In the twenty-first century the majority of the British public who are seen as deserving of the right to vote and have the mental capacity to makeRead Moreâ€Å"A written constitution, rather than gradual reform, is now essential for the UK to claim to be a modern democracy.†1246 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A written constitution, rather than gradual reform, is now essential for the UK to claim to be a modern democracy.† This essay will look at how a written constitution, according to some, would make Britain a modern democracy and it is therefore essential that the meaning of this phrase is fully understood before it can be explored in sufficient depth. A written constitution would outline the structures and powers of government in broad terms and the relationship betweenRead More The Rise of Democracy in Britain Essays1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise of Democracy in Britain The dynamic course of the nineteenth century set off a revolution within the realm of British politics. Foreign influence and domestic transformation created a situation where individual interests were forced into the public sphere for political reconciliation. The shift towards democratic government was largely unscripted because Britain had no written constitution to guide its path. Thus, Britain’s pursuit of democracy was not prescribedRead MoreThe Sipahis : Between The Independence And Loyalty994 Words   |  4 Pageswitnessing a political drift in the struggle for Independence. The chapter tries to relate the political unrest in India and the problems it brought for the Indian Army who at that time was contributing their men and officers in the Second World War for Britain. The Fall of Singapore again posed the question of loyalty amongst the Indian ‘Sipahis’ who were either captured by the Japanese Army or retreated back. The formation of ‘Indian National Army’ by ‘Subhas Chandra Bose’ whose motive was to support theRead MoreIs Electoral Participation Necessary For Political Participation?1538 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy is the rule of the people, therefore, for it to be at its full potential, citizens must participate in the decision-making process. However, for a large part of the public, political participation does not go beyond electoral participation. Nonetheless, even the most common form of political engagement, namely voting, is in decline (Whiteley, 2012, pp.37-38). Although electoral participation is not the ultimate measure of political participation, it is one of the most significant and easiestRead MoreDemocratic And Democratic Political Systems Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic Political Systems Democracy is typically known as a type of government that is ruled by the people. Active public participation in political matters, free and fair elections, equality, and protection of basic human rights are at the core of democratic political systems. Individual citizens, organized groups and institutions, elected officials and governmental bureaucracies all contribute to the democratic nature of these political systems, but the main power resides with the people.Read MoreAp Comparative Government Summer Assignment1107 Words   |  5 Pagesthe makers of public policy in free, competitive election. 2. Procedural Democracy: Countries with free and fair elections for the real policymakers and eligibility of all adults meet the minimum requirements for this. 3. Substantive Democracy: Procedural democracy + more political rights and civil liberties 4. Democratization: the transformation from a nondemocratic regime to a procedural democracy to a substantive democracy. Either as the first government in a newly independent country or by replacingRead MoreThe Effects of Political Parties on a Democracy Essay examples841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Political Parties on a Democracy There are indeed several aspects in the composition of political parties that threaten democracy in the UK, whilst other aspects may promote democracy. Careful analysis must be done in order to establish to what extent either is true. On the one hand, it may be argued that parties in fact promote democracy for a variety of reasons. Firstly, they assist the electorate by offering them a coherent choice, allowing peopleRead MoreThe Protest Of Hong Kong1630 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment and thus undermining the practice of democracy in Hong Kong. This opposition, or even hate, toward Leung, reflects the same attitude of Hong Kong people have over the fact that they are governed by someone else -- in this case, Chinese government -- instead of themselves. Leung, as the last victim before direct voting, unavoidably became the target of both political activists and young people who are enthusiastic about independence and democracy to express their discontent (Hunt, 2014). ShapedRead MoreIs Democracy Promotion A Mask For Hegemonic Power?1546 Words   |  7 PagesIs democracy-promotion a mask for hegemonic power? Should liberal democracies impose their principles, values and ideals upon less democratic states? Hegemony is the concept meaning primacy of the leading state over the subordinate states without the use of any direct forms of violence (invasion, occupation or annexation). Many scholars in international relations have tried to find an answer to these questions, but they are still open to a much debate and discussion. Liberals believe that democracy

Legalizing Marijuana in the United States Essay - 563 Words

We’ve all been told not to use drugs starting at a very young age. We’re told they very bad for you and can even cause death. As a child, we always believed what we were told; the older I’ve gotten, the more I’ve come to realize that not all of these â€Å"drugs† are as bad for you as we were taught. The particular drug I am speaking about comes from the dried leaves and flowers of a hemp plant (Cannabis Sativa), and goes by the name Marijuana. Marijuana has been prohibited since 1968. You would think that because it is illegal, most would stop using the substance. But in fact, in the past 30 years, 10 million people have been arrested for marijuana offenses in the U.S. (Glasser, 2000) With so many people getting in trouble for this†¦show more content†¦Marijuana also provides a great relief from nausea is an appetite stimulant, helps with depression and is useful for helping people with sleeping difficulties. Other conditions that marijuan a may benefit include: seizures, glaucoma, peripheral neuropathy, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, bipolar disorder, Tourettes syndrome, ADD, and panic attacks. Cannabis has provided millions worldwide with relief from chronic pain caused by a myriad of pain-producing illnesses. Cannabis has significantly improved the quality of life of people with cancer, AIDS, arthritis, and the list goes on. The medical marijuana movement is not concerned with decriminalizing or legalizing cannabis for recreational use. It is concerned with helping people with serious illnesses and disabilities to get on with their lives. (Bearman, 2011) It is a wonder why marijuana is still illegal when it treats so many medical issues. But this is not the only thing the hemp plant can be used for. Selling the buds is not the only way to make money off the hemp plant. Hemp fibers from the stalks have many other uses. Oil extracted from the seeds can be used to lubricate gears and mechanisms in carious cars. The strong hemp fiber has long been used to test the durability of other fibers. Hemp fibers can be made into clothing, rope and paper. Marijuana can be used for many other things than just the information I provided in this paper. All statisticsShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Marijuana in the United States Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Debate Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the third most well-liked recreational drug, which only falls behind alcohol and tobacco, in the United States (The Whitehouse, n.d.). Marijuana is made up of dried leaves, plants, stalks, and pits from the hemp plant Cannabis Sativa, which comprises of the mind-altering compound delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in addition to other associated compounds. This plant substance can correspondingly be converged in a resin called hashishRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Recreational Marijuana in the United States1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of legalizing recreational marijuana in the United States has been a very controversial one. States such as Colorado and Washington have gone on the offensive and have legalized recreational marijuana and have enjoyed the high revenues brought in from cannabis sale. On the other hand other states have kept low profiles because they are wary of the possible negative outcomes of legalizing recreatio nal marijuana and are using the states of Colorado and Washington as guineaRead MoreThe Legalization Of Recreational And Medical Use Of Marijuana1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of recreational and medical use of marijuana is still a controversial social issue faced by the United States. Although marijuana was seen as a dangerous drug back in the 1900’s, research has revealed the truth about marijuana, making the drug less frightening towards Americans. Now in the year 2015, marijuana is generally more accepted by Americans and many more see marijuana in a positive manner. Although marijuana does have some negative side effects, the side effects are notRead MoreThe Origns of Marijuana726 Words   |  3 Pages Coca, and Poppy). Therefore, Marijuana should be removed from the criminal justice system. Legalizing and regulation marijuana can bring cash crop under the criminal justice law, bring in jobs, medical use, and overall create economic opportunities to The United States of America. There has been reports of marijuana being less harmful than alcohol or tobacco. According to the British research foundation two deaths worldwide can be directly caused by marijuana, yet 150,000 people die from alcoholRead MoreThe Benefits of Legalization Marijuana Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Legalization Marijuana There are many political groups and religious group that ague against the legalization of marijuana. They state that there are no benefits in legalizing the drugs but researches and economist disagree with that report. There are many benefits in the legalization. The first one is the enormous affect that it could have on the economy growth of the United States. A Harvard University professor of economic Jeffrey Miron , has crunched the numbers and he’sRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal1085 Words   |  5 PagesDear , Since the 1930s marijuana has been illegal in the United States. The debate to legalize marijuana has been a huge controversy since the existence of the drug. I believe that by legalizing marijuana America will be able to thrive in the future. Marijuana has been tested and proven to provide a very positive impact in the medical field, the economy, and crime. First and foremost, marijuana is legal in some states in the United States but for medical use only and other countries such as CanadaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1269 Words   |  6 PagesAbu Matar 1 Mahmoud Abu Matar English Composition 2 Research Paper 14 April 2015 Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is most commercialized drug in the world, so why not just legalize it? Although there are legal restraints against marijuana, 1 in 3 Americans have tried it, out of curiosity at least once. Multiple studies have proven that, marijuana is psychologically and physically healing. Medical marijuana should be legalized for its beneficial advantages, such as, treating or preventing health conditionsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Not Be Beneficial1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana is such a growing debate in the United States, whether it’s on television, in the classroom, or in your own kitchen; you may find yourself debating about it with someone. You are either for it, against it, or indifferent. Either way you still have an opinion of some sort about the legalization of marijuana. Christopher Beach and William Bennett are no different. The release of their article on called â€Å"Legalize Juggernaut† on WeeklyStandard.com timin g is perfect sinceRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana For Recreational Use926 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing Marijuana in Texas for Recreational Use The well known debate over the legalization of marijuana for recreational use in The United States has been ongoing since 1935. Recently Colorado and Washington have legalized the use of marijuana for recreational use. By doing so, the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana has become more of an issue than it already was and now brings other states to question whether or not they should legalize marijuana (Breecher). Which brings aboutRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1149 Words   |  5 PagesJacomino English 1410 23 March 2015 Legalizing cannabis Marijuana or cannabis is a preparation of the cannabis plant intended for use as a hallucinatory drug and a medicine as well. The principal hallucinatory constituent of marijuana is Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. Twenty three states and the District of Columbia has legalized marijuana for medical or recreational purposes in the United States. Legalizing marijuana has many benefits to it. Not only has marijuana been proven to counter act some

HIV AIDS Older Adults Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(40) " connexion between HIV and climacteric\." Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) is a virus that kills the immune system ‘s cells, taking to a Immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , which is when the immune system is weakened to the point where an single gets certain types of life-threatening diseases, infections, and malignant neoplastic diseases. HIV infection is frequently inapparent and can take every bit small as a few hebdomads to look as minor flu-like symptoms and ten old ages for more terrible symptoms, which may include concern, chronic cough, diarrhoea, conceited secretory organs, deficiency of energy, loss of appetency and weight loss, frequent febrilities and workout suits, frequent barm infections, tegument roseolas, pelvic and abdominal spasms, sores on certain parts of your organic structure, and short-run memory loss. Older grownups, aged 50 and older, may non detect these HIV symptoms because they may tie in them with normal aging ( HIV, AIDS, and Older Adults, n. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV AIDS Older Adults Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now d. ) . As people age, some ripening procedures are similar to the consequence of chronic HIV on the organic structure. Apoptosis, the natural mechanism for the organic structure to acquire rid of weak or damaged cells, can take to the break of the immune system, which can besides take to malignant neoplastic diseases ; this is occurs more frequently in older people with HIV. Older grownups with HIV besides experience immunosenescence, besides called immunologic ripening or exhaustion of T-cells, which causes a destructive high T-cell turnover and may be portion of premature ripening of the immune system ( Aging and HIV, 2010 ) . Anyone is at hazard of acquiring HIV/AIDS, which may be due to many different grounds. Peoples can acquire HIV from holding without utilizing rubbers if their sex spouse is HIV positive ; the virus would go through from the spouse to them through the exchange of organic structure fluids, including blood, seeds, vaginal fluid, by any gap such as a tear or cut in the liner of the vagina, vulva, phallus, rectum, or oral cavity. Peoples are besides at hazard if they do non cognize their spouse ‘s sexual and drug history ; they should inquire themselves if their spouse has been tested for HIV, how many different sex spouses they have had, and if they use any drug injections. Another hazard factor is if a individual injects drugs and portion acerate leafs or panpipes with other people ; this may non merely be applicable to drug users, other people, such as those with diabetes who inject insulin or pull blood to prove for glucose degrees, might portion acerate leafs. In add-on, if a individual has had a blood transfusion between 1978 and 1985 or in a underdeveloped state at any clip, he or she might be besides at hazard of undertaking HIV. However, the virus can non be contracted from insouciant contact, such as agitating custodies or caressing, sharing a drink or being sneezed on by a HIV positive individual, donating blood, and mosquito bites . Using public telephone, imbibing fountain, public public toilets, swimming pool, Jacuzzi, or hot bath besides does non set one at hazard ( HIV, AIDS, and Older Adults, n.d. ) . Peoples frequently believe that older grownups, 50 and older, are non at hazard for acquiring HIV because they do non hold sex, which besides contributes to the addition rate of among people in this age scope. However, surveies from the early 1990s provided informations that proved there is no alteration in sexual desire after the age of 50 and experts report that more than half of people over 50 are holding sex a couple times each month. However, older grownups know less about safe sex patterns late adolescents and immature grownups in their early mid-twentiess, which explains portion of the growing in the HIV population ( Cichocki, 2007 ) . HIV among grownups over 50 is nil new ; since the early 80 ‘s, HIV in individuals older grownups have accounted for about 10 per centum of all instances. Back in the yearss, HIV was chiefly transmitted by blood among the senior population, but today, heterosexual contact and needle sharing among IV drug users over 50 are the chief causes o f HIV among them ( Cichocki, 2007 ) . In add-on to cognize less about safe sex and HIV than the younger crowd, older grownups are less likely to speak about their sex life, are frequently neglected by healthcare workers and pedagogues, in footings of HIV/AIDS instruction and bar, and frequently non asked about their sex life or drug usage by physicians. It is a batch harder for physicians to detect HIV symptoms in an older grownup ( HIV, AIDS, and Older Adults, n.d. ) . Because older grownups may misidentify HIV/AIDS symptoms for the achings and strivings of normal aging, they are less likely to acquire tested for HIV/AIDS than younger people. In add-on, they may be embarrassed, ashamed, and fearful of being tested for HIV/AIDS, which is frequently considered a disease connected with holding sex and injecting drugs, which besides causes them to populate in isolation and to hold more terrible depression. For this ground, people age 50 and over may hold had HIV for old ages before being tested and by the clip they are diagnosed, the virus may already be in its most advanced phase. Older grownups who HIV most of the clip make non populate every bit long as immature people who have it. Many older people who have HIV/AIDS live in isolation because they are afraid to state household and friends about their unwellness. HIV/AIDS besides affects older grownups in another manner. Young people with HIV/AIDS can normally turn to their parents and grandparents f or fiscal support and nursing attention, but many older people have cared for their ain HIV positive kids and so for their orphaned and sometimes HIV positive grandchildren ; this can be mentally, physically, and financially run outing, particularly if the individual is HIV positive because they require more attending and attention ( HIV, AIDS, and Older Adults, n.d. ) . There may besides be a connexion between HIV and climacteric. You read "HIV AIDS Older Adults Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Womans who are menopausal are no longer worried about acquiring pregnant and therefore may be less likely to utilize a rubber and pattern safe sex. Some menopausal adult females besides have vaginal waterlessness and cutting, intending they are more likely to hold little cryings and scratchs during sexual intercourse, which can set them at greater hazard for undertaking HIV. In add-on, due to the fact that adult females may populate longer than work forces and the lifting rate of divorce, there is an addition figure of widowed, divorced, or detached adult females get downing to day of the month ; since many of them do non understand how HIV is spread, they are at hazard of HIV transmittal ( HIV, AIDS, and Older Adults, n.d. ) . For many decennaries bar plans have been largely created for immature people ; merely a smattering has been aimed at older grownups. Simply seting images of old people on a posting or circular stating things such as stop AIDSs, wear a rubber, or pattern safe sex, is non plenty to forestall HIV transmittal among older grownups ; it is of import to understand the issue of aging and get bying with the challenges HIV will give. Harmonizing to Ory, Zablotsky and Crystal ( 1998 ) , in order to place older grownups ‘ AIDS-related hazards behaviours, and develop educational attacks and preventative schemes for modifying any hazardous behaviour, dedicated attempt is needed ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . There are some challenges to HIV/AIDS bar for older grownups. The first challenge is that older grownups are less likely to follow HIV bar schemes than immature grownups. HIV/AIDS is besides seldom discussed among people of the same community. In add-on, older grownups are non suspected of drug usage, which is a large error because older grownups are merely like everybody else and do the same things as everybody else. Many older grownups frequently show marks of hazardous sexual behaviours, do non utilize protection, usage IV drugs and portion acerate leafs. They besides find themselves dating once more because they might be a window, separated, or divorced, and holding sex without protection. Carolyn is an old adult female who got married three times and contracted HIV, from the drug trader who was populating her, by holding unprotected sex and sharing acerate leaf for drugs injections. She did non cognize about the virus until the drug trader who was live togethering with her got h ospitalized and her girl found out from the physician that he was deceasing from HIV and prohibited Carolyn from seeing her grandchildren as a consequence ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . Furthermore, there is grounds that some HIV infected older grownups have gotten it through sexual dealingss with the same gender. Pat is a HIV positive older grownup who has ever known he was homosexual since he was immature ; he was given four months to populate when he was diagnosed but has learned to get by with the disease with the support of his household. Older grownups besides do non hold proving and instruction attempts directed to them ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . Assorted factors should be considered in bar plans for older grownups. The best plans to work are normally those that are intensive. They should emphasize on alteration motive, attitudes, behavioural accomplishments, self-management schemes, and personal hazard decrease problem-solving. A good plan should besides be carefully made harmonizing to the cultural, lifestyle, relationship and normative beliefs and values of clients.A In add-on, gender, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, and relationship values of clientsA are factors that affect the aims, content, and issues that must be addressed during the HIV bar plan. It is really of import to non presume that patients are non at hazard, to give bar messages to patients ( they should be repeated at regular intervals ) , to learn other professionals to increase consciousness of the hazard factors to older grownups and work with them to inform the older grownup community. HIV infection should besides be tested when there are unexplained symptoms ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . In order to forestall HIV transmittal and inform older grownups, it is besides of import to be cognizant of the job ; older grownups and their health care suppliers are most of the clip non cognizant of the job. In 1997, Skiest and Keiser did a study of primary attention doctors ‘ beliefs, patterns, and cognition that pointed out many concerns. One of the concerns was that 69.7 % of the doctors said that grownups, 50 old ages and over, seldom or ne’er asked inquiries refering HIV or AIDS. 60.8 % besides said that they seldom or ne’er discussed HIV/AIDS with their patients who are 50 old ages and older, and 67.5 % of them seldom or ne’er discussed hazard factor decrease. Some of them besides said that they are more likely to ne’er inquire their older patients over 50 than their younger 1s under 30 about HIV hazard factors. In add-on, doctors did non rank the most prevailing hazard factors in patients over 50 in the right order, being: ( 1 ) male-male sex, ( 2 ) endovenous drug usage, ( 3 ) blood transfusion, and ( 4 ) heterosexual sex. Physicians 40 and older were more likely to cognize the most prevailing hazard factor of HIV for older grownups. Family practicians were more likely toA seldom or ne’er askA older patients about hazard factors for HIV than other doctors. The study showed that primary attention doctors do non cognize plenty about HIV/AIDS hazard factors in older patients and do non speak enough about HIV and AIDS with older patients ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . It is of import to speak to older grownups about the hazards of HIV/AIDS and educate them on bar. Older people frequently open up and discourse sensitive affairs, including gender, when they feel that it is of import for their wellness or the wellness of their loved ones.A However, some may be embarrassed to uncover that they are still sexually active at their age because society expects them non to be.A Those who do drugs injections may besides experience shame from making something illegal.A Harmonizing to Hendersen et Al, older adult females need instruction on reenforcing the possibility of HIV transmittal by heterosexual intercourse, clear uping misperceptions about transmittal, and stressing the effectivity and usage of rubbers in bar. Older grownups besides should be informed about proving ; they need to cognize when to be tested and that they can be treated. Prevention messages should besides be repeated so that they can be reinforced. Giving messages one time is non plenty ; it may increase older grownups ‘ cognition about HIV/AIDS but it will non be adequate to alter any hazardous behaviours the some older grownups have. Older grownups should besides be helped in developing the accomplishments to forestall infection.A A They may necessitate to be taught how to decently utilize a rubber and those who use injection drug may non recognize the dangers of needle sharing. Older grownups are more familiar with the usage of rubbers in gestation bar, which is a concern they no longer hold, and do non hold every bit much cognition of HIV bar by the usage of rubbers. Merely 13 % of older adult females inA Henderson et Al ( 2004 ) survey knew the efficiency of rubbers in forestalling HIV transmittal ; non cognizing much about how good condom works in HIV bar may take to less usage of it. In add-on, older work forces may hold erectile troubles worsened by rubber usage, which would do them non utilize condoms.A It is besides of import to speak to HIV positive older grownups because they can distribute the disease ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . Furthermore, it is a good thing to acquire in touch with other people who besides work with older grownups and those specialized in HIV/AIDS. It is better to work every bit group because it would increase consciousness, resources, and available information. Working with public wellness pedagogues will besides give more information about community instruction ; older grownups need to be able to reach services that can help them. Older grownups, particularly those who are HIV positive, will most likely need the specialised attention of an infective disease ( ID ) doctor ; A A other wellness attention professionals, such as gerontologists, societal workers, and instance directors most of the clip will besides necessitate to acquire involved as the disease progresses.A As a consequence of these professionals working together, attention will be better coordinated and all other demands of the older grownup patient will be met. However, sometime other professionals may non understand the ha zard of HIV infection for older grownups or may believe the myths that older grownups are non involved in drugs or are sexually active. In this instance, one should learn them so that they can be portion of the bar plan ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . Dedication is needed to place HIV/AIDS hazard factors and develop a good educational and preventative plan. All messages must be made for the older population ; those made the younger crowd may non make older grownups because they will experience as though it does n’t concern them. Older grownups will non utilize rubbers unless there are given a ground to make so. If the plan is made to aim the older population, it is more likely to increase their cognition on HIV/AIDS. It is besides a good thing to hold some plans and messages directed to different groups of older grownups. One chief group is homosexual males ; they are at hazard due to male-to-male sexual dealingss being the taking manner of transmittal of HIV/AIDS in older grownups. Another of import group is heterosexual adult females ; a turning per centum of septic adult females are African American. Womans are a large part of HIV infected aged patients and African American adult females populating in a rural scene are m ore affected and more likely to be infected. It is disputing to inform them of the hazards because they may non desire to listen, hence integrating the message along with other medical services will assist in making them. In add-on, some messages should be directed to older grownups traveling through different phases of life ; they may be at hazard because of new relationships after separation, divorce, or widowhood. It is besides indispensable to chase away myths about older grownups because even those who work with them could believe in those myths ( HIV/AIDS A ; Older Adults, n.d. ) . Overall, older grownups are more at hazard for HIV/AIDS due to the weakening of the immune system as people age. Older grownup besides are at a higher hazard of infection because they tend to hold unprotected sex because they are non any longer concern with gestation and some suffer from erectile disfunction, which might impede them from have oning rubbers. The chief cause of HIV/AIDS transmittal in older grownups is male homosexual dealingss and needle sharing. In order to inform older grownups about the hazards of HIV, it is of import to understand the issue and work as a squad with other professionals who work with them. It is besides of import to educate other professionals about HIV hazard for older grownups and chase away myths such as older grownups are non sexually active and do non hold sex. It is besides of import to direct messages to different groups in order to make older grownups more expeditiously and in order for them to larn and retain the information better because it would do them associate better and experience as though it pertain to them. How to cite HIV AIDS Older Adults Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Business Law and Legal Environment†Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Law and Legal Environment. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of law in a business contest is to oversee the Management conducts of the transacting parties. The law may enforce promises while overseeing agreements and contracts, or it may administer the conducts of the transacting parties under the law of tort. Common law enables the court to reason in a rational manner and assess the plaintiffs case in a justice way. This paper will be an examination of the application of common law, equity, tort, and agency law. Singapore uses English common as its primary law in its legal system. In (Tan, 2011) English common law came into Singapore through the Second Charter of Justice 1826. From then Singapore had been using the precedent rules as an essential part of its legal system. Besides, the legal system has accommodated the law of Equity and both laws form a magnificent part of Singapore Law. The general, precedent system is whereby a court's decision is based on what was decided. In (Mitchell, 2009) " Judicial precedent is a system of law-making by judges where the decisions made by judges, referred to as precedents, are used as models for future cases, and these are developed on a case-by-case basis to establish areas of law. Equity is a branch of law that originated from the Chancery Courts. Equity law aims at giving the plaintiff fairness, justice, and a clear conscience. In (Antoine, 2008), It is generally held that equity applies the principles of conscience. These are the postulates of English law that were formed and implemented in the ecclesiastical courts, the chancery, and admiralty. The different types of remedies available at equity are Injunction, specific performance, rectification, and restitution. These remedies are discretional. This means that its upon the court to reason and issue the remedy that it deems fit. The concept of promissory estoppels started with Lord Denning. In simple, (Twomey et al., 2011) the doctrine of promissory estoppel guides the court to enforcing promises despite that they lack considerations. The only requirement is that the plaintiff promised something to the defendant, then the defendant changed its position by relying on that promise. It's more of an inducement from the plaintiff to the defendant causing him/her to depend on his/her future actions. There are requirements for promissory estoppels, In (Miller, 2016), there must be a definite and unambiguous promise plus an expectation of the promisor that the promisee would act on the given promise. The promisee should prove that it absolutely acted in assurance on that promise which caused substantial damages. Lastly, if the promise would not be enforced, the innocent party would suffer injustice. The tenant cannot avoid the payment of full rent after 1945. The main reason is that there is no consideration for lowering the price. Secondly, the lowering of rent was due to the WW2. Thirdly, the suit had already served as notice to end the variation. For instance, in (Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955]) the court held that counterclaim was a substantial notice of the intention for reverting to the original Management contract. Therefore, the plaintiffs could not succeed on the reliance of the promissory estoppels. The issue in this question is the limitation of liability in bailment. Under normal circumstances, the law allows the bailee to limit the claims for liability by the bailor. However, the law has set the conditions that a bailee may limit such liability. In (Clarkson et al., 2014), In order to exercise the limitation; First of all, It is imperative that the bailee informs the bailor of the limitation, e.g., through a sign. In the decision whether a particular sign will constitute notice or not depends on the location and size. So this fact rules out the ticket as a notice of sign. Secondly, the limitations should not be working against any public policy. For instance, in bailment where mutual-benefit are occurring, there is a high chance of rebutting exculpatory clauses as a defense for negligence. So following this explanation, a ticket doesnt constitute a valid notice, and the court is likely to dismiss the ticket and allow Brigitte to recover the damages. One of the reasons is that the ticket doesnt amount to a valid contract. So family bus company has a duty similar to the ruling in (Bridge Tower V. Meridian Computer Center, [2012]), The court held that Meridian Computer breached the contract and therefore Bridge Tower had the right to recover the damages. For Lam to be compensated, he can initiate a claim in two way. The main ways is under the neighbor principle, and then support his case with the concept of an implied secondary reasonable assumption of risk. The neighbor principle was set in [Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)]. This principle aims at establishing the elements for negligence which are the establishment of the facts that the defendant had a duty of care to the claimant. On the other side, Slipperly Pte Ltd may argue that it had warned Lima. This is where the issue of Implied secondary reasonable assumption of risk would come in. In (Shapo, 2010), implied secondary reasonable assumption of risk describes the case where the defendant raises awareness over the risk he/she has negligently created, but the plaintiff voluntarily decided to face the risk in a reasonable way. For example, a possible case is where a landlord's negligence exhibited an infant to fire on a tenant's house, and the tenant rushed to the burning house to sa ve the infant; hence the plaintiff suffered some injuries. In such a case, the court will hold that the defendant cannot call assumption of risk' as a defense. So based on the above explanations, Lima would be entitles to damages like compensation for leg flucture, hospital bills, and the loss of salary if it wont be covered by the medical leave. For this case, its impossible for Lam to sue the two directors. Directors are company trustees in a special way. In (Tyagi and Arun Kumar, 2003), though the directors are the trustees of their company but their position is not like trustees in the legal sense. In general, the law takes a trustee as a person who owns and deals with the in the position of the principal owner. However, in the case of directors, they are just trustees in the matters of company properties, wealth, and powers. This means that they are not liable for loans or other company liabilities Management. With this, one can only sue the company for the breach of a contract but not the trustees. The term agency refers to a relation formulated through implied or express agreement between one person perceived as the principal, and the other person called the agent. The agreement grants the agent with authority to act with a third party on behalf of the principal. With that, the dealings of the agent tie together both the principal and the third persons giving the principal rights against third persons.(Twomey et al., 2011, p 850) The work in (Pillai, 2011) explains this concept as; Agents create contractual relations between the principal and the third parties. This act binds the principal to third persons. Similarly, the agents act gives right to third persons against the principal. An agent is merely a contracting link between the principal and the third parties. The agent has the power to make the principal answerable to the third parties for his conduct. What this means is that the same way Jingley had the authority to deal with Mona, its the same position had Jingleys firm bought from Hagia Mona. Ostensible Authority is the other name for apparent authority. In (Burnett, Bath and Burnett, 2009), a principal can be responsible for the conducts of an agent who acts without authority as far as the principals conduct causes the third person to think that the agent is authorized logically. In simple, the principal doesnt need to allow the agency, but it only requires an agent to do something that will make a third-party assume that the agent has the power. Following this, the principal will be answerable to the third party as though the agent had authority (Klass, 2010). The law takes into account that the principal is responsible to the third party since the principal either by word or deed, made the third party hold that the agent was representing the principal. Notably, for ostensible authority Management requires the principal has to do something that would convince the third party to believe in agents authority. Jingleys firm doesnt have a choice rather than to pay Hagia Mona Catering Ltd. Like it has been explained above on Ostensible authority, a contract formed between an agent with a third party is as binding as when made with the principal under the doctrine of apparent authority (Burnett, Bath and Burnett, 2009). The same case applies to Jingleys firm having Jingley contract with Mona for catering services. The main issue here is that Jingley represented the firm as she has always did, and Hagia Mona believed that she was sent by the firm as it always did. Before this, the firm had made Mona believe that Jingley represents it in acquiring food for the firm, so even for this day, Mona believed the same. In (Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v Racing UK Ltd, [2005]), the court ruled that Mr Sanderson had apparent authority to bind the council the the contract. The case applies to Jingleys firm. Jingley had ostensible authority to bind the Firm with Hagia Mona Catering Pte ltd. Conclusion This paper has discussed the concept of common law, applications of promissory estoppels, tort law as well as agency law. Even though the paper didnt cover those concepts extensively, it has summarized some of the key parts in the mentioned laws. References Tan, K. (2011). Constitutional law in Singapore. 1st ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer law international. Mitchell, A. (2009). AS law. 3rd ed. Abingdon, UK: Routledge-Cavendish, p.75. Antoine, R. (2008). Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal systems. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge-Cavendish, p.166. Shapo, M. (2010). Principles of tort law. 3rd ed. West Academic. Twomey, D., Jennings, M., Fox, I. and Anderson, R. (2011). Anderson's business law and the legal environment. 21st ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning, p.340. Miller, R. (2016). Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. 11th ed. Cengage Learning, p.291. Klass, G. (2010). Contract law in the USA. 1st ed. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, p.238. Pillai, R. (2011). Legal aspects of business. 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: S Chand Co Ltd, p.212. Tyagi, M. and Arun Kumar (2003). Company law. 1st ed. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, p.252. Clarkson, K., Miller, R., Cross, F. and Clarkson, K. (2014). Business law. 14th ed. Cengage Learning, p.947. Burnett, R., Bath, V. and Burnett, R. (2009). Law of international business in Australasia. 1st ed. Sydney, N.S.W.: Federation Press, p.368. Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955] 1 WLR 761 House of Lords Bridge Tower V. Meridian Computer Center, [2012] 272 P.3d 541, 152 Idaho 569 Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v. Racing UK Ltd [2005] EWCA, Civ 999

John Paul II Essays - Cardinals Created By Pope Paul VI,

John Paul II Karol Wojtyla was born on May 18, 1920 at Wadowice, Poland. For many years Karol believed God was calling him to the priesthood, and after two near fatal accidents, he responded to God's call. He studied secretely during the German occupation of Poland, and was ordained to the priesthood on November 1, 1946. In these years he came to know and practice the teachings of St. Louis Marie Montfort and St. John of the Cross. He earned a doctorate in theology in 1948 at the Angelicum in Rome, Italy. From 1948 to 1951 he served as a parish priest in the Krakow diocese and then returned to study philosophy at the Jagiellonian Univsersity at Krakow. From 1952 to 1958 Karol Wojtyla taught social ethics at the Krakow Seminary. In 1956 he became also a professor at the University of Lublin. Venerable Pope Pius XII appointed Karol Wojtyla an auxiliary bishop in Krakow on July 4, 1958. Servant of God, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Krakow on December 30, 1963. As Archbishop of Krakow, Karol Wojtyla proved himself a noble and trustworthy pastor in the face of Communist persecution. A member of the prepatory commission, he attended all four sessions of Vatican II and is said to have written Gaudium et spes, the document on the Church in the Modern World. He also played a prominent role in the formulation of the Declaration on Religious Freedom. Following the Council, the Servant of God, Pope Paul VI, appointed Karol Wojtyla a Cardinal of the Roman Church on June 26, 1967. In 1960 he published his most famous written work, Love and Responsibility. Pope Paul VI, delighted with its apologetical defense of the traditional catholic teaching of marraige, relied extensively on Archbishop Wojytla's counsel in writing Humanae Vitae. In 1976 he was invited by Pope Paul VI to preach the lenten sermons to the members of the Papal Household. On October 16, 1978, Archbishop Wojtyla became the first non-Italian pope since Hadrian VI (1522-3). He took the name of his predecessors (John, Paul, John Paul) to emphasis his desire to continue the reforms of the Council. Before this week I did not know much about John Paul II. I knew that he was the first non-Italian pope in about 450 years. I had seen the pope a lot on T.V. and knew that he was old and weak. I also knew that he has Parkinson's Disease. This week I found out what John Paul II was like before he got old and weak. I found out that he was instrumental in knocking down communism. In communism it was taught that there was no room for God, so it is an atheist society. This is because there is one leader and he must have all power. The leader does not want the people to be divided between him and the pope. John Paul II had strong beliefs, and stood behind his ideas with actions. I did not even know that he was shot. I learned that the pope traveled a great deal, and is actually the most traveled pope in history. He visited nearly every country in the world that would receive him. I think that John Paul II is a great person. He tries to help everyone and touch everyone. John Paul II is a determined individual. Not only does he have ideas that are for the good of the most people, but he also stands behind his words with actions. He is a smart man who also has a great deal of common sense. I think John Paul II is a great pope. He is the first pope in a long while to have ideas and have the balls to stand up for them. This seems ironic, because when John Paul II was chosen, he was not thought of as a strong, authoritative leader. John Paul II knew he was in a position to knock down communism, and he accomplished his task with persistence, when other people might have quit or not had the guts to take any action. The pope is the leader of the Church as a worldwide community. It is his job to safeguard the teachings of Christ for these 625 million people. He must be a unifying factor, and bring the Church together. John Paul II has accomplished his task, and served well. If I could ask John Paul II one thing, I would ask him why he put in so much effort to being the pope?

Compare and contrast three examples of gothic fiction Essays

Compare and contrast three examples of gothic fiction Essays Compare and contrast three examples of gothic fiction Paper Compare and contrast three examples of gothic fiction Paper Essay Topic: Beauty and the Beast and Other Tales Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Literature Frankenstein, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Island of Dr. Moreau are excellent examples of Gothic fiction. These stories deal with the forces of good against evil. The good forces are the family, social conscience, religious belief and moral judgement, all constituents of a civilised society. The evil side is the corruption of conscience, the misuse of power, violation of nature and rampant ego. The themes of each work explore the dual nature of mankind. Behind the benevolent face of civilisation there still lurks the beast within every man and it is this fear that the protagonists exploit to justify their blasphemous experiments. The brooding gothic background is powerful vehicle for writers to express their unease regarding the imbalance between nature, science, man and spirituality. Frankenstein is the story of a brilliant chemist who discovers the elixir of life and sets himself up as a creator. The second story is The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the equally famous tale of a scientist who assaults the social order by unleashing his dark side. Finally The Island of Dr Moreau, is where we meet the most modern of the three scientists, but we are left without a solid description of what we must fear. The Island of Dr Moreau, as with the other two novels, deals with the failures of science. As Mason Harris points out: The Island of Dr Moreau, where science fails, belongs entirely to the Gothic genre Early reviewers condemned the story for gruesomeness and blasphemy and readers since have found it particularly disturbing. (Harris 7) He also points out that: Gothic horror endows the story with a deep ambivalence towards science and contributes much to the mood and anxious uncertainty in which it ends. ( Harris 7) The very fact that practically everyone knows of Dr Frankensteins experiments is ample proof of the fear that science can invoke. What draws us to this tale is the very nature of what Frankensteins experiments. Sometimes in the gore of Hollywoods version of the tale, it is possible to forget the magnitude of his accomplishment. He does not reanimate a corpse, he fashions a new being and through his own knowledge imbues it with life. Only one other being has every accomplished that feat; namely God. That Shelleys anti-hero is usurping the role of the Divine is evident from the outset. Shelleys tale is one of a terrible act against God and humanity. Frankenstein sought to create something beautiful and larger than life but ultimately created something corrupt and pathetic. Unlike God who oversees his creation in what is perceived to be a paternal and all-powerful way, Frankenstein is unable to maintain any paternal responsibilities or care for his monster. The monster was of a cerebral conception, of a monstrous creation without proper nurturing. In his laboratory of dark horrors Frankenstein fashions an entirely male birth denying the necessity of the female in creation. The monstrous conception and birthing room is described in Frankensteins journal: I pursued nature to her hiding places. Who shall the conceive the horrors of my secret toil, as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave, or tortured the living animal to animate the lifeless clay?.. I had returned to my old habits, I collected bones from the charnel houses-houses; and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame.. he dissecting room and the slaughterhouse furnished many of my materials. (Shelley 54-55) As God breathed life into Adam, so Victor Frankenstein used his perverted science in re-animating the monstrous corpse into an abomination of Gods creation. When Frankenstein has to confront the truth of his actions he is horrified and the beauty of the dream vanished and breathless horror of disgust filled my heart. Such is his fear and horror, Frankenstein is compelled to leave the monster and walk out his terrors through the streets. As he hurries on a verse from Coleridges Ancient Mariner fills his mind: Like one who, on a lonely road, doth walk in fear and dread. Because he knows a frightful fiend, Doth close behind him tread. (Shelley 59) This verse highlights Frankensteins isolation from his monster, his fellow man and his original intentions. It is at this time that Frankenstein is aware that his experiment was a failure and indeed far worse. The very subtitle of the book, A Modern Prometheus, must in part refer to the Titan who fashioned men from clay, and thus establishes Frankenstein as both creator and god. Repeatedly Shelley hammers home the direct analogy between God and Frankenstein. The Monster likens himself to Adam and Satan, and no opportunity is lost to refer to Frankenstein as creator and father. Furthermore, while there is a direct theft of Gods duties there also is what amounts to an attack on God himself as the creator and embodiment of nature. When Frankenstein is hiking in his native mountains we are told that: The immense mountains and precipices that overhung me on every side. . . spoke of a power mighty as Omnipotence and [Frankenstein] ceased to fear, or to bend before any being less almighty than that which had created and ruled the elements. If God is the master of nature then Frankenstein seems to aspire to no less a title when he states: It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of things, or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man that occupied me, still my enquiries were directed to the metaphysical, or in its highest sense, the physical secrets of the world. (Shelley 37) At times of great tension, Shelley changes the mood to a more descriptive and reflective setting. For example, after the death of his mother, Frankenstein goes hiking in the mountains to reflect upon the power and omnipotence of nature, which acted as a salve to his tortured soul. Similarly, Frankensteins creation the monster seeks relief from his misery. After being abandoned by Frankenstein he is tormented by hunger, cold and solitude and he seeks out somewhere warm and safe. The monster has not been created without intelligence or feelings but has been left to learn without direction or education. His sorrow is the realisation that he is hideous to his fellow man and he will always be isolated, a permanent outcast from society. If Frankenstein feels at the end of the story to have put himself outside of accepted society by reason of his actions, then the monster pathetically has no choice in his exclusion and longs for the serenity of death. Frankensteins desire to master the science of creation is far stronger when measured against his subtler desire for mastery of his beloved, Elizabeth, who is presented as a proxy for nature from her first appearance. Is it at all surprising that the Frankensteins Monster destroys Elizabeth, just as Frankenstein is trying to usurp God? The fear that Frankenstein evokes is thus not just the fear of a murderous monster; rather, it is the fear of science run amok. It is possible that Shelley was merely trying to write a scary ghost story with the trappings of science that she picked up from her travelling companions. While there is certainly a case to be made for the fact that the story can be read as a proxy for any creation that spin out of control, it remains particularly poignant when thought of in relation to science. Firstly because it implies that the very act of science can undermine belief systems. If man can create life then does one truly need a God? And secondly, it implies that the material products of science, whether intended for good or ill, may have disastrous effects on their creators as well as innocent bystanders. It does not seem at all surprising that a world in the political, economic and social unrest of the early 19th century would call forth something like Frankenstein. Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll Mr Hyde maintains some of the elements we have seen in Frankenstein but adds a new twist both to the role and character of the scientist and to the dangers of science. The novel is enduring because of the protagonists actions and their effects on his own psyche and his social environment. However, it may be worthwhile to take a moment to re-examine the character of Jekyll. Most perceive Jekyll as the good side of the coin with Hyde as the bad. While Hyde is definitely Jekylls dark side, it is a mistake to see Jekyll as the good. Jekyll implies that he was prone to living a life somewhat more immoral than that of a decent English gentleman, but that he had done his best to suppress these urges under a respectable veneer. Jekyll created Hyde as a mechanism to let his socially inappropriate impulses free. Of course, he soon found that his own will was not strong enough to control the beast he had created and when science eventually failed him as well, his very self was destroyed. In some ways Jekylls crime does not seem to be as ungodly as that of Frankensteins. His crimes were against the social structure of man, rather than an immediate affront to God. He reshaped a being out of his own person who was, alone, in the ranks of mankind, [who was] pure evil. With such a terrifying description one might think that the fear this book inspires is about the depths of evil that lurk within every mans soul. This, however, is not the case. While our age may have dulled our senses to everyday sins, it seems difficult to think that Victorian society would have considered Hydes debauchery, grouchiness and even his single murder to be the ultimate in evil. This is not to say that Hyde would not have been a frightful notion to that society, but simply that his fearfulness would have arisen from the threat that he posed to the social order. We may take the pre-transformation Jekyll as the paradigm of a proper gentleman. He was: born to a large fortune, endowed . . . with excellent parts, inclined by nature to industry, fond of the respect of the wise and good among my fellow men, and thus, as might have been supposed, with every guarantee of an honourable and distinguished future. (Stevenson 81) His friendships with men of substance, including a peer of England confirm his status. He may have been wild when he was young, but he reformed in order to fit in with the rigid requirements of society, where even misplaced gossip could cause horrific repercussions. Such a society certainly tolerated science so long as it, like emotions and behaviour, were channelled down acceptable routes. The reason that Jekylls research seems so terrifying is that it suggests that when science moves outside of acceptable realms it may alter humanity in such a way that society itself tumbles. Hyde is the ultimate threat to a society based on mutual friendship and patriarchal ties. He is a one-sided user of the friendships established by Jekyll both those of his lawyer, Mr. Utterson, and his fellow researcher, Dr. Lanyon. He commits the blatantly threatening act of murdering of Sir Danvers Carew, a member of the House of Lords. Importantly, this act is committed with the very cane given to Henry Jekyll by one of his fellow gentlemen. Hyde is no longer the underling, the hidden self; he becomes the master and the dominant persona. The Victorian social order is turned around, a great fear in that class-conscious society. David Punter in The Literature of Terror raises political parallels. He considers the novella can be viewed from different levels. For instance, perhaps it dramatises the striving of the bourgeois middle-classes to sublimate their more humble working class origins in their quest for social respectability. Therefore Jekyll mixes with the upper class in his desire to conform with accepted society. Hyde therefore is the antithesis of Jekyll desiring only the satiating of his appetites and inclinations and using Jekylls friends and contacts as his prey. It is the Freudian theory of the shadowy otherness within all of us. It is relevant that in the late 19th Century Imperialism was the dominant culture and the British Empire was Master and sought to dominate other countries for its own furtherance. Jekyll and Hyde represented the reversal of this relationship. While Stevenson, like Shelley, was certainly in part simply trying to write a terrifying tale, he was all too aware of the nature of the English gentry. His life varied between happy member and distrustful outsider, and it seems likely that he was well aware that the tenuous bonds of society were all that held the culture together. Moreover, he was familiar with the way that the infamous murderer, Deacon Brodie, used his upstanding reputation and appearance to prey on his fellows. Stevenson lived much of his life in Edinburgh, where he must have repeatedly seen the unsettling activities that gentlemen would undertake in the name of science. Using these influences, he crafted a character that remains with us today as another bogeyman of science the two faced aristocrat of science. We still fear the power that scientists have in society and the destabilising effects that trusted individuals may have when they are corrupted by their work. That there should have been a particular fear of social disruption in a rigidly class-based society is hardly surprising. Jekyll became the man who haunted himself. The tragedy of Jekyll was that as himself, he was aware of his id, namely Mr Hyde. His story is one of the best-known doppelganger tales. The tale of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is from one point of view the story of a split personality and one, which would be easily recognised by a post-Freudian society. However it is even more modern as the split personality has been chemically induced. It follows a strong gothic tradition, which includes Edgar Allen Poes tale of William Wilson. However such was the strength of late Victorian fears regarding hideous murders that Stevensons tale captured societys imagination. Certainly Jack the Ripper is a compelling contemporary of Mr Hyde. In a similar vein to the tale of split personality contained in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde the theme of multiple personalities is contained in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein is the vessel for many personalities. He is the good husband, the fond son and the monstrous scientist and it is the conflict between these personalities, which create the heightened tension, drama and suspense within the novel. In the classic Gothic genre Frankenstein is the aristocratic intellectual who is tormented by his own ambitious ego. Although raised within a nurturing family background Frankenstein is compelled to punish his creation for failing to be perfect. The monster is Victors child. He is the antithesis of the educated and urbane Victor. If one were to make a list of corrupt scientists, H. G. Wells Dr. Moreau would merit a place. He was banished from England for his cruel experiments and both his methods and their results seemed to have generated universal disgust in the mass of humanity. However, his is the work most complex to criticise, as he is the most modern of the scientists. The story of Dr. Moreau undoubtedly still terrifies us, because his tale relates most closely to modern science and the slippery slope of modern ethics, which makes it far harder to construct a convincing moral argument for our fears. It was Moreaus clear lack of moral boundaries or obligations to humanity that horrify us. His science is science without conscience science for science sake. Because his experiments were so extreme and cruel, isolation from civilisation became vital. This isolation is a theme common to all the stories. Wells always sought to be more of a moralist than a science fiction author. Oddly, we are left with a puzzling dilemma concerning the moral message of The Island of Dr Moreau. There is certainly the thinly veiled message that all of humanity can easily act beastly toward one another and that much of a civilisation is still founded on barbarity. However, his thoughts on his villain, Dr Moreau, are not at all clear. While Frankenstein sought to usurp the place of God, and Jekyll to tumble society, in Moreau we find an individual who has indeed become God and who has altogether obliterated society so as to create his own anew. Moreau is described as: The white-haired man. . . was a powerfully built man. . . with a fine forehead and rather heavy features; but his eyes had that odd drooping of the skin above the lids that often comes with advancing years, and the fall of the heavy mouth at the corners gave him an expression of pugnacious resolution. . . a white-faced white-haired man, with calm eyes. Save for his serenity, the touch almost of beauty that resulted from his set tranquillity and from his magnificent build, he might have passed muster among a hundred other comfortable old gentlemen. Far from being the kindly old grandfather figure, Moreau is in fact the epitome of corrupted paternalism and monstrous ego. Because his ambitions are thwarted by societys conscience, he seeks to create his own society in order to impose his own rules of evolution, thus he becomes both creator and destroyer: The version of the island myth conveys a powerful and imaginative response to the implications of Evolution. (Huntington 445) One would certainly be tempted to suggest that Wells is presenting Moreau as God. Moreover, Moreaus beastly creations consider him as divine, stating with awe that: His is the Hand that makes. His is the Hand that wounds. His is the Hand that heals. His is the lightning flash. His is the deep salt sea. (Wells 57) It is not at all surprising that the Beast Men should consider Moreau a god, not only did he create them, but he gave them the gift of civilisation. It is through his Law that they aspire to be true men. However, while attacking God and society were enough to topple Jekyll and Frankenstein, these do not appear to be the crimes for which Wells damns Moreau. Surely Prendick, as the symbol of Western morality, is viscerally offended by what seem to be Moreaus travesties of nature. However, he acknowledges that he would be willing to forgive these indiscretions were there some useful application to Moreaus work. Unfortunately, Moreau is not undertaking his research for any such reason; rather, he is on [a] different platform. Nothing, certainly not pain, can stand in the way of his research, research ultimately done for the sole academic satisfaction of answering a question: I [Moreau] went on with this research just the way it led me. That is the only way I ever heard of research going. I asked a question, devised some method of getting an answer, and got a fresh question. . . the thing before you is not longer an animal, a fellow-creature, but a problem. . . I wanted to find out the extreme limit of plasticity in a living shape. (Wells 72-73) Moreau is finally slain by one of his own creations that escapes his control. And then, with their God destroyed by his own ambitions the civilisation of the Beast Men collapses and soon after they physically cease to exist. So why did Wells slay him? Why are we still terrified of this man? The answer could lie in the fact that we fear science without the restraints of altruism. Moreaus experiments equate with pain for both men and beasts and pain is a great leveller, rendering us equal in suffering. Ultimately what Prendick despises is Moreaus absolute insensitivity to pain. It is the screams of Moreaus subjects that upset him and it is the Beast Mens talk of His House of Pain that inspires pity. Despite his endless self-loathing, Frankenstein ended his days by suggesting to his confessor that another might succeed where he had failed. Jekyll, in a laboratory, previously owned by a man with tastes more anatomical, died believing that future studies would confirm the validity of his work and prove mans mind to be composed of a legion of individuals. Moreau on his island achieved the greatest practical success although it was perverted. Darwin had slain a compassionate God and replaced him with one red in tooth and claw. The awareness of human evolution and psychoanalytic studies suggested that the mind was in fact as prone to evil as to good, if such concepts had any meaning at all. If science is to conquer ignorance it must take responsibility that it must not become so extreme or unregulated that it becomes repugnant and horrifying to those that it seeks to benefit. It must not become an end unto itself, losing touch with pain and anguish or it will be loathed as much as the supernatural demons it removed. This is a lesson, in an age when science fiction is fast becoming fact that must be remembered by those who would take up the mantle of Frankenstein, Jekyll and Moreau. These are cautionary tales of science without conscience set against a classical background of gothic splendour, sensibilities and atmosphere. Frankenstein was the precursor to The Island of Dr Moreau and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. It was written in the early 19th century following a time of great political unrest and violence. It is a tale of forbidden knowledge written at a time when science was just beginning to make powerful inroads into the day to day lives of ordinary people. The boundaries were falling and knowledge was filling the voids left in the collapse of old beliefs. With knowledge comes responsibility and not everyone has the moral and spiritual strength to meet this burden. Kelly Hurley in The Gothic Body examines the ruination of the human subject, by examining the way in which the human body is destroyed both in physical and metaphorical form in Gothic literature. In the second section, Hurley, situates the Gothics making-abhuman of the human body within a range of evolutionist discourse (Hurley 10). This links the behaviour of humans and animals with their physical appearance. The setting of The Island of Dr Moreau is most similar to that of Frankenstein. The island has great natural beauty and provides a strong contrast for the unethical horrors lurking beneath. These two tales involve the corruption of Gods creation into ungodly abominations. Their creators started out with good intentions of improving the lot of mankind but were overtaken by ambition and vanity. Frankenstein does suffer from enormous feelings of guilt and horror and tries to make amends by destroying his own creation, but Moreau has no such misgivings. Indeed in isolating himself from the restraints of society upon his island, Moreau destroys any chance of moral intervention from outside forces. Moreau has no conscience, no pity and his ego is the most monstrous. The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has a more urban setting. It is the story of one mans life being stolen by his doppelganger. Whereas Victor Frankenstein and Dr Moreau do have degrees of dual personality involving man versus scientist, Dr Jekyll achieves a complete split allowing the evil Mr Hyde, his shadowy other, to invade and take over his existence. Dr Jekylls experiment has both moral and social ambition but he is unable to control his creation Mr Hyde, and is unable to replicate his original experiment. All three tales explore the relations between the human and the bestial. We all fear our otherness, the beast within. All three scientists sought to replicate in some way, the creation and all failed because as their stories suggest they sinned against the natural order of life and simply created a parody of Gods perfection.

Marketing Conference - Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Carpetright plc (Audit and Assurance) Assignment

Carpetright plc (Audit and Assurance) - Assignment Example The external auditor’s judgment at this level will be very important which reduces the likelihood that the auditor will miss some necessary information in the company. Other essential things that the external auditor need to understand include; competitors, the structure of the company, the nature of the firm, industry in which it operates in, internal control system and financial reporting processes that are key to the company. This information could be derived from enquiry from relevant authorities, performing analytical procedures, important financial and non-financial information, and inspection and through observation of processes within the organization and documentation. The second step the auditor will take into account in carpet right plc. Is identifying and assessing potential risks that are in the company. This includes risk that affect individual transactions, disclosures, account balances and overall annual report. The auditor’s professional skills and judgment will be relevant on assessing how the potential risks have an impact on the measurement, accuracy, occurrence, completeness. Presentation and disclosure in the annual report of the company. The potential risk within the company will also determine how the auditor designs the audit program. The risk within a company is either significant or normal. Where significant is likely to occur while normal has a possibility of occurring. The third level will involve responding to the potential risk in the company. This requires the auditor to acquire substantial amount of evidence in the company. The auditor will be required to relate any risk identified on its impact in the financial report of the company, the individual transactions, disclosure and account balances. In concluding his report, the auditor will be required to provide a report whether he obtained all the information necessary deemed for the audit and whether the risk contains material misstatement in the company. The gearing

The Beginning Of Modernity In Europe Sociology Essay

The Beginning Of Modernity In Europe Sociology Essay Modernity, began in Europe, but yet it affected every nation in the West and, to some degree, all the nations of the world. The transition from traditional medieval society to modernity is easy to identify. The Enlightenment brought about a period of change. God was no longer thought to be at the centre of the universe, there was a move from agriculture to industry which saw three revolutions signalling the advent of modernity in the forms of the industrial revolution in England 1780-1840 the democratic revolutions of the United States of America in 1776 and France in 1789 and the The scientific revolution (1500-1700). Capitalism became the predominant economic force and sociological concept of modernity is therefore associated with industrialization, urbanization, secularization, bureaucracy and progress. Kramnick, Isaac. Thematic Essay: Political and Social Thought of the Enlightenment, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopaedia 2009 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Essentially, the English and French revolutions were significantly different. The nature of the Industrial Revolution within England provided the people with an ideal towards greater freedom and cultural expression, as consumerism began to dominate society. France on the other hand, was more visibly concerned with the issue of religion than England was. Medieval Europe thought the authority was the word of God and was revealed through the teachings of the Roman church. The enlightenment challenged this whilst accepting new ideas of religion, myth and tradition thus helping create a new faith through knowledge and reason. The enlightenment ushered a period of uncertainty for religion in Europe, and Christianity in particular was criticised by the enlightenment writers. One theory that gained wide attention in the enlightenment suggested that religion was the invention of cultic leaders or priests, whose prime consideration was the furtherance of their own interests (Yolton et al 1996: 447). Yolton, J et al (1996) Enlightenment (Blackwell) Galileo was in fact imprisoned and nearly killed because of his beliefs and theories that questioned the traditional ideas and attitudes of the church. In order to escape Galileo had to swallow his pride and admit he was wrong, even though he knew has was correct. Although the philosophers involved in the enlightenment continued to believe in God, the findings they made meant the basis of knowledge was no longer seen as the word of God as the church believed, as described by Hamilton in his book The Enlightenment and the Birth of Social Science (1992: 55-56). For the first time man could dare know about the social arrangements under which he lived, rather than have them presented to him through the obscuring haze of a religious ideology. By knowing about these social arrangements their operation would become clear and thus open to change. In other words the enlightenment leads to science and natural philosophy replacing religion as the means of knowledge. During the enlightenment faith in divine revelation, and the authority of the Church, were increasingly undermined by the new confidence in the ability of human reason to provide an understanding of the world. Similarly, the understanding of history as the chronicle of the fall of man from Gods grace, with spiritual salvation only attainable in the next world, was largely replaced by a belief in human perfectibility and the increasing faith in mans power and ability to use his new-found knowledge to improve mankinds state. (Badham 1986:79) Badham (1986) Theories of Industrial Society Enlightenment brought about a cultural change in what creates knowledge and what the purpose of knowledge is. After the enlightenment, history was no longer seen as synonymous with God working his purpose out. (Smart, 1992, Pg8) Smart, B (1992) Modern Conditions, Postmodern Controversies (Routledge) Power of human reason was now used to create knowledge. The enlightenment period challenged sources of authority dramatically, never before had people dare question the word of church until this time, and the enlightenment brought about a great deal of change in the way people perceived the world. The idea of a social contract is another important feature of the Enlightenment. The central concept in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus thought is liberty and most of his works deal with the mechanisms through which humans are forced to give up their liberty. . This issue which Rousseau confronted most of his life is summed up in the first sentence of his most famous work, The Social Contract: Man is born free but everywhere in chains. (Rousseau (1762), 1973: 165).Rousseau, J.J ([1762] 1973) The Social Contract, Everyman The liberals welcomed the dramatic changes because individuals are naturally rational and should be able to pursue their own interests, the removal of traditional restraints and the emergence of governments which guaranteed the rights of the individual were therefore seen as progressive developments. For socialists this did not go far enough, human beings are naturally sociable and their needs can only be met collectively, this necessitates the replacement for capitalism which divides people by socialism which enables them to cooperate. On the other hand to these two optimistic responses to social change, conservatives exhibited horror; human beings are naturally a member of a social organism, unequal but depending on each other. These revolutions in their disregard for tradition and their rupture of the natural order were seen as dangerous developments. The three most commonly mentioned sociological perspectives are Functionalism, which is a system theory. Marxism which is often seen as a conflict theory and in addition there is also Social Action Theory. August Comte, Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons are known as the three best-known Functionalists. When you look into the Social Action Theory you come across many articles by Max Weber, who is one of the earliest known Social Actionist and George Herbert Mead. Very few sociologists actually write about Marxism other than Karl Marx himself. Functionalism is a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can be best explained in terms of the functions they perform, that is the contributions they make to the continuity of society. Moreover, they view society as a complex system whose various parts work in relationship to each other in a way that needs to be understood. (Giddens 4th Edition, 2001, page 689). Functionalism is based on a systems theory. The ideas behind the perspective are that our behaviour is governed and constrained by social forces. In other words, we are what we are because of the social groups that we belong to. Functionalists see society as a system based upon the same lines as the human body. The analysis used to describe functionalism is often compared to the working of the human body. Therefore, if you describe how the human body works, you can compare society to the same system. Each part of the body i.e. the heart/family, lungs/workplace and brain/government, have a particular j ob to fulfil within the overall system. However, you need them to be working in conjunction for the system to work properly. In a similar way it is the contribution we make within our society, which enable us to flourish. The various parts of the society, such as the family or religion must be seen in relation to society as a whole. (Haalambos and Halborn, 5th Edition, 2001,page 9) The term sociology was coined by a French man named Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in 1838. He wanted to understand the great social changes that had occurred around him and made the earliest contribution to the development of sociological thinking. He set about devising a science of sociology. A science in the manner set down by the scientist and philosophers of the Enlightenment. He believed that the methods used in the natural sciences could be applied to the study of society, thus Comte was a proponent of Positivism, defined as an epistemological position that advocates the application of the methods of the natural sciences to the study of social reality and beyond (Bryman, A, 2004: 542). Bryman A. (2004) Social Research Methods, New York: Oxford University Press Comte has particular prominence given to him because his thinking reflected the turbulent times of his age and also because he coined the word sociology in other to be different from other thinkers. He was a French man who no ticed that the French revolution had introduced significant changes into the society and he also sought to explain and create a science of the society that could explain the social laws of the world just as science explained the laws of the physical world. He argued that the society conforms to the invariable laws in much the same way that the physical world does. His law of three stages claims that the human efforts to understand the world have passed through the theological and metaphysical and positive stages. He was keenly aware of the state of the society that he lived. He was concerned with the inequalities being produced by industrialization and the threat they posed to social cohesion. In his view, the long term solution was the production of moral consensus that would help to regulate or hold the society together. His visions for the society were never realized, his contribution to systemizing and unifying the science of society. Another Key thinker is Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), He did draw on many aspects of Comtes Work but he believed that Comtes ideas where too speculative and vague and that Comte had not successfully carried out his programme (Giddens, 2001: 8). Giddens, A. (2001) sociology (4th edition), Cambridge: polity Durkheim did believe that social life could be studied with the same objectivity as the natural world and he developed the concept of social facts, which should be studied by sociologists; social facts are aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, such as the state of economy or the influence of religion (Giddens, 2001: 9). Giddens, A. (2001) sociology (4th edition), Cambridge: polity for him his main intellectual concern of sociology is the study of social facts. He stated that the aspects of social life shape our actions as individuals, such as the state of the economy or the influence of religion. However, he conceded that social facts are difficult to study beca use they are invisible and intangible and they cannot be observed directly. He instead states that they must be revealed indirectly which is by analyzing their effects or by considering attempts that have been made at their expression, such as laws, religious texts or written rules of conduct. He was concerned with the changes that were transforming society in his own lifetime. He was particularly interested in social and moral solidarity; this was in other words what held the society together and held it from descending into chaos. He stated that there are two types of solidarity and he contrasted them together, mechanical and organic, relating them to the division of labour and the growth and distinctions between the different occupations. However, the forces of industrialization and urbanization led to a growing division of labour that contributed to the breakdown of solidarity. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Marxs ideas were strikingly different from that of Comtes and Durkheim. Marx ideas where inspired by the industrial revolution and argued that the system of capitalism affected human experience. He focused on conflicts between the classes, and the need for substantial social change to a communist society. His political activities brought him into conflict with the German authorities, after a brief stay in France, he settled permanently in exile in Britain. He however witnessed the growth of factories and the inequalities that resulted. His viewpoints were grounded in what he called the materialist conception of history. According to this view, it is not ideas or values human beings hold that are the main sources of social change. Rather social change is prompted primarily by the economic influences. He believed in the inevitability of a workers revolution which would overthrow the capitalist system and usher in a new society in which there would be no classes, t he rich and the poor. Marx gave names to the haves and have nots, they are known as the Bourgeoise and the Proletariats. One way of assessing the power of the upper class is through the study of elites (people who fill the top positions in each of the major institutions of society); most of the sociological debates have centered on economic elites and political elites. (Sociology in focus 5th Edition, 2000, page 53) They differ from functionalists in the way that they see the difference. He did not mean that inequalities would disappear; he rather stated that society would no longer be split into a small class that monopolizes economic and political power and the large mass of people who benefit little from the wealth their work creates. He believed that in the society of the future production would be more advanced and efficient than production under capitalism. Karl Marx is quoted as saying ideology is a distortion of reality, it binds members of society to the contradictions and conflicts of interest that are built into their societys. (Haralambos and Holborn, 5th Edition, 2002, page 13) Max Weber (1864-1920) was influenced by Marx, but saw class conflict as less significant and believed that ideas and values had as much impact on social change. He developed the idea of ideal types, which are conceptual and analytical models that can be used to understand the world. Weber made use of ideal types in his writing on forms of bureaucracy and the market. He therefore simply cannot be labelled a sociologist as his interest and concerns ranged across many areas. He was born in Germany where he spent most of his academic career. He was most concerned with the development of modern capitalism and the ways in which modern society was different from earlier forms of social organization. In common with thinkers of his time, he sought to understand the nature and causes of social change; he was influenced by Marx but was also critical of some of his views. He saw class conflict as less significant than Marx. ` He believed that sociology should focus on social action, not structur es; he argued that human motivation and ideas were the forces behind change. According to him, individuals have the free will to act and shape their future. Social Action Theory is often described as the alternative theory. Social Actionists see people as individuals who have a right to react as and how they wish. They say that how we react with each other in our society is largely up to us as individual social being. It is a social perspective that focuses on the meaning and intensions that underpin human actions. Social active perspectives are concerned with the way in which the human actively and creatively interprets the world around them. Rather than the external forces which could be used as a guide (Giddens 4th Edition, 2001, page 698) It is worth pointing out here that sociology did not become the institutionalised and professional discipline that we know today until the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. As Jenkins puts it Comte first gave it a name and Marx sketched out some of its most enduring ideasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sociology as we know it today was establishedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦by Weber, Simmel, Durkheim and Mead (Jenkins, 2002:21). Jenkins R. (2002) foundations of sociology, Basingstoke: Palgrave The enlightenment period is often referred to as the age of reason. The enlightenment influenced people lives a great deal, and without this period, the world would not be how it is today. It enabled people to have the right to express their views freely and publicly without the fear of being imprisoned or even killed.